Northern Ireland (NI) is one of the most disadvantaged parts of the UK, with high levels of disability and joblessness, but it is the most dependent on state benefits. In 2014 one-in-ten of the working-age population was receiving Disability Living Allowance (DLA), compared to one-in-twenty for Great Britain. The higher uptake rate of DLA in NI remains unexplained though poorer mental health (possibly as a result of civil unrest) may be partly responsible. Despite the high number of claimants there is a surprising paucity of information about the health of DLA claimants and how this relates to disability in the wider community. There is a growing recognition that multiple disability (or multimorbidity) and poor mental health are increasingly important. Employment levels amongst DLA recipients are thought to be extremely low and much lower than other people with apparently similar levels of disability, but as these data are not routinely gathered there is little information about how this varies by rate of claimants or type and severity of disability. It is also evident that many people do not claim the benefits to which they are entitled and the success of advertising campaigns and offers of free benefits checks to possible beneficiaries has been limited. It is apparent that the evidence base for targeting potential claimants needs to be improved. The objective of the proposed research is to generate health and social-related information on both disability claimants and non-disability claimants to achieve a better understanding of the impact of the planned introduction of Personal Independence Payment (PIP). Our research partners, the Department for Social Development (DSD, which is responsible for Social Security Benefits in NI), have indicated that increased knowledge from the research will be instrumental in shaping future disability policy (regardless of the uncertain nature of the detail of the specific PIP changes in NI and the implementation timescale) and will be vital in identifying the type of support services required and therefore enable resources to be targeted appropriately. The overarching aim of the proposed research is to undertake a unique pathfinder study linking census and DLA records in order to answer three overlapping research questions, specifically, to (i) compare the types and severity of chronic conditions and the role of multimorbidity amongst DLA recipients and non-recipients; (ii) determine which conditions and combinations of conditions are associated with employment amongst DLA recipients, and (iii) identify and estimate the individual, household and area-level factors impacting DLA uptake in NI. The extensive disability and condition-specific health questions in the NI 2011 Census will be used as a close proxy for DLA need and comparison against the benefits claimant dataset will be used to identify the individual, household, social and area-level factors differentiating claimants and non-claimants. There will be a specific interest in the potential for unmet need amongst ethnic minorities and migrants and whether unemployment or wealth moderates the relationship between need and claims. The research will be a partnership between the two universities in NI and the DSD; it will be supported by the ADRC-NI, which will facilitate data linkage and the production of a de-identified dataset for research in a safe-setting. DSD will provide guidance on the structure and interpretation of the benefits database and will facilitate knowledge transfer and incorporation of the research findings into policy. If successful, this study would be the first in the UK to link social security data to other routine administrative datasets and this precedent would open up access to these datasets for other researchers throughout the UK. The project will also provide a significant training opportunity for ADRC-NI support staff and the associated researchers, including the named early career researcher.

The Troubles describes the social-historical phenomenon occurring between 1969 and 1994 when the sectarian conflict in Northern Ireland was at its most extreme. Those 25 years have had a profound impact on the social, political, economic, cultural and spatial structures of Northern Ireland ever since. The consequent reaction by government, security and statutory authorities bore witness to a profound material impact upon inner-city communities resulting in architectural and spatial disconnection and disengagement with the economic and social structures that manage, govern and regulate the built environment. This review focuses on a specific aspect of material impact, the built structures installed within the inner-city to divide streets, disconnect spatial continuity, mitigate against vehicular flow and limit pedestrian movement. These vary in implementation and include walls, bollards, landscaping and the locating of housing across the path of existing streets. This material impact is extensive across inner-city Belfast. Whilst the sociological and economic impact of The Troubles has received much research attention the impact of these built interventions has yet to be systematically assessed. This review recognises the inner-city exemplar of Ballymacarrett, East Belfast as a community of disconnected people and disconnected spaces. The considered implementation of these divisive built structures has served to fundamentally fragment and spatially disconnect this community. This review conceives of a community as an intrinsic ecosystem of people and the built environment and addresses the challenging issue of engaging a disenfranchised and disconnected community with a broad range of stakeholders and academic research. The review process is a catalyst for inclusive discussion that involves a team of project partner stakeholders, directly linking the review process with the agencies with the remit and funding to implement urban regeneration and social housing policy review and change. The aims of this review are to utilise knowledge gained from academic and practice-based research methods to inform and stimulate discussion amongst key stakeholders with active inclusion from policy makers and the community. Such discussion has the stated aim of developing a policy discussion mechanism that will continue to progress the issues highlighted by the review beyond the review period. These aims meet address the objective of engaging research with non-academic stakeholders; empowering the related community; developing a methodological framework that is transferable to other contexts. The creation of buildings and spaces is a complex scenario involving stakeholders across the social, political and economic spectrum. As a consequence built artefacts contain much embedded information pertaining to a wide variety of perspectives that concern, and have potential to engage, the community within which they are installed. The research team of an architect and a fine art photographer presents a cross disciplinary approach to analysing this context. The disciplines have been aligned to provide a historical record that is accessible to a diverse audience of community, policy, politics and academia. Architectural and spatial analysis will identify Case Studies of built structures that will be documented and illustrated through conceptual photographic representation. Built structures will be utilised as mechanisms to extract data of historical and contemporary importance, eliciting new knowledge. Disconnections will be highlighted and former connections illuminated. The key relationships that are revealed will be essential tools towards addressing the very real architectural and spatial issues within inner-city Belfast communities. Such analysis will present a new perspective to the social, political, economic, cultural and spatial factors that shaped physical change in this community in a distinct and extreme period in cultural history.