The research, which will be carried out in the School of Engineering at the University of Glasgow, will underpin a completely new paradigm in the handling of liquids. It involves the control of the mechanical interactions between fluids and microfabricated structures, with acoustic waves. Notwithstanding its potential impact on a wide range of areas (e.g. physics and chemistry), my focus in this Fellowship will be in enabling advanced diagnostics both in remote areas in developing countries and in the developed world, by integrating complex biological sample processing on low cost portable devices. Acoustic waves carry a mechanical energy that has been successfully used to actuate a wide range of liquid functions. In particular, Surface Acoustic Waves (SAW) propagated on piezoelectric surfaces, using transducers commonly found in electronics, can refract in a liquid, leading to recirculation flows. I have pioneered and enhanced a technique to control SAW and their interactions with the liquid and particles, enabling more complex manipulations. The new platform is based on micromanufactured, disposable phononic lattices, that scatter or reflect the acoustic waves in a frequency dependent manner. These structures shape the acoustic waves, in a manner analogous to that of holograms shaping light. The structures rely on mechanical contrast when holograms are based on refractive index. Geometric aspects of the hologram's design provide colours of different frequencies; here, the phononic lattice geometry determines the frequency at which the sound is scattered. The different frequencies of ultrasound interact with different phononic structures to give different functions, providing a "tool-box" of different diagnostic processes (sample processing, cell separation, detection), which, when combined, form a fluidic circuit, a complete diagnostic assay. Contrary to the established microfluidic systems used in point-of-care devices, which rely on flow through channels to carry out different functions at different positions within the channels, I will design, fabricate, characterise and use new phononic lattices to combine different functions in the frequency domain, on a stationary sample. Others involved in the research include Professor Miles Padgett (School of Physics), Professor Andy Waters (Welcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology), Dr Andrew Winters (Consultant in Sexual Health & HIV Medicine and Joint Clinical Director at The Sandyford Clinic, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde) and Dr Mhairi Copland (Paul O'Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre and the Beatson Cancer Research. My research will have three potential outcomes in diagnostics and sensing, namely the development of new Microsystems technologies for: 1. Drug resistant malaria diagnostics. I will develop phononic geometries to carry out a complete nucleic acid based test, including sample preparation, amplification, and detection in whole blood. These will be fabricated in low cost materials (e.g. glass, composites) and could transform malaria diagnostics in the Developing World. 2. Multiplexed detection of a panel of sexually transmitted diseases, working with the NHS. The ability to perform complex sample preparation has the potential to integrate multiplexed analysis in an expert system, where instead of a diagnostic test centered around a pathogen, the test has the capability to analyse a set of symptoms, a decisive shift in diagnostics. 3. Stratification of leukemia cells' aggressiveness. I will explore how the combination of the cells mechanical information probed using acoustics, and coupled with electrical information on cell membranes, could enable a multidimensional analysis of cells. This research will have the potential to create devices to carry out diagnostics anywhere.

In 2013 we started work on an 18-month EPSRC feasibility grant entitled 'Laser-printable point-of-care sensors for low-cost medical diagnosis and disease monitoring', which explored laser-based printing of biological materials for applications in the healthcare sector. Our results have attracted the attention of several major international healthcare manufacturers who see the potential of laser-patterning of porous materials like paper for their future product range and who want to work with us to further develop this technology. We are submitting this follow-on proposal to (1) develop a laboratory-standard process for laser-based paper-patterning for fluidic devices, (2) use our technology in trials for a point-of-care diagnostics demonstrator sensor that allows detection of specific diseases such as tuberculosis, as well as dramatically reducing detection limits, (3) extend the technique to incorporate methodologies for fluid delay, multiplexing, and patterning of 3-D devices, and (4) explore applications beyond planar devices in paper, including 'Light-Up Paper' and functionalised fabrics for 'Smart Plasters'.

The Cranfield IMRC vision is to grow the existing world class research activity through the development and interaction between:Manufacturing Technologies and Product/Service Systems that move UK manufacturing up the value chain to provide high added value manufacturing business opportunities.This research vision builds on the existing strengths and expertise at Cranfield and is complementary to the activities at other IMRCs. It represents a unique combination of manufacturing research skills and resource that will address key aspects of the UK's future manufacturing needs. The research is multi-disciplinary and cross-sectoral and is designed to promote knowledge transfer between sectors. To realise this vision the Cranfield IMRC has two interdependent strategic aims which will be pursued simultaneously:1.To produce world/beating process and product technologies in the areas of precision engineering and materials processing.2.To enable the creation and exploitation of these technologies within the context of service/based competitive strategies.