The SoSweet project focuses on the synchronic variation and the diachronic evolution of the variety of French language used on Twitter. The Web has entered all areas of our social life. As the language is central in our social interactions, it is legitimate to ask how the Web has become a factor acting on language. This is even more actual as the recent rise of novel digital services opens up new areas of expression, which support new linguistics behaviors. In particular, social medias such as Twitter provide channels of communication through which speakers/writers use their language in ways that differ from standard written and oral forms. The result is the emergence of new varieties of languages. A characteristic of these varieties is that they exhibit large variability among communities of speakers and high innovation rates. A scientific description must take into account this variability and explain how social forces and technical constraints regulate its dynamic. The main goal of SoSweet is to provide a detailed account of the links between linguistic variation and social structure in Twitter, both synchronically and diachronically. Through this specific example, and aware of its bias, we aim at providing a more detailed understanding of the dynamic links between individuals, social structure and language variation and change. Traditional methods are not suitable to address these questions. On the one hand, Twitter requires redefining fundamental concepts such as “addressee” or the public/private communication distinction. Moreover, while sociolinguistic studies are based on small samples, we will base our analysis on a corpus of 500 million tweets combined with the social network of the 10 million users who authored these tweets, complemented by socio-demographic data. This large data mass leads us to heavily rely on computational methods from different areas. The SoSweet project will therefore adopt a strong interdisciplinary position, at the crossing of social media linguistics, sociolinguistics, natural language processing (NLP) and network science. The NLP tools are designed for standard forms of language and exhibit a drastic loss of accuracy when applied to social media varieties. To define appropriate tools, descriptions of these varieties are needed. Descriptions that needs tools. We will address this circularity interdisciplinary, by working simultaneously both on linguistics description and on NLP tools development. For its part, network science provides us with tools for studying massive data from complex networks of users, through graph theory and computational modeling. The scientific program of SoSweet has been conceived in order to favor optimal interdisciplinary work as the four work packages (management, data collection and enrichment, variation and evolution analysis, outreach) involve all partners. The project will last 48 months. It involves 4 leading teams in their own field of research. The principal investigator, Icar, is specialized in corpus linguistics and computer mediated interaction. Icar will carry out the tasks of unifying linguistics evidences (empirical and theoric) with social clues (extracted from a massive network of sociological relations). Lidilem is in charge of adapting the sociolinguistics framework to the case of variation and communication on Twitter. Alpage, specialized in natural language processing, takes care of the linguistics enrichment part, which provides the other partners with normalized and structurally enriched forms of text. Alpage is also responsible of providing distributional analysis of our corpus, by the means of various forms of word clustering in order to define sociolinguistic variants in the tweets. Inria DANTE, specialized in the exploration of massive graph structures, will lead the crucial network analysis and will work on jointly integrating the sociological network and the linguistic distributional network of lexical relations

The purpose of this research project is to understand how the policy innovation process is initiated in situations of major uncertainty and confusion. To this end, this research will focus on an empirical analysis of how the Ministry of Economics and Finance and more broadly, all the actors involved in the making of economic policy, grasped and responded to the subprime mortgage crisis of 2007 and to the crises that followed. Based on a survey of the policy proposal trajectory within the politico-administrative arena, the research will attempt to grasp how, when faced with situations for which they have neither explanatory statements nor policy solutions, key policymakers establish new solutions and garner the widest possible agreement around them to enable their adoption.

<< Objectives >>The general AIM of the project is to support the internationalisation process of VET- at the three levels of teachers/trainers-learners, VET provider organisations and regional VET systems- by using the full potential of digital transformation opportunities, and thus increase the attractiveness of VET and its capacity to support the internationalisation process of the economic systems.<< Implementation >>Develop indicators and diagnostic capacity to accompany the internationalisation process of VET systems (teacher and trainers/learners, VET providers, regional VET systems);Jointly develop a competence framework instrumental to internationalisation of VET systems and a dedicated multilingual learning platform to support the development of the identified competences for teachers and trainers, managers and internationalisation staff in regional development agencies and VET policy agencies<< Results >>A VET Internationalisation Benchmarking on line system, a competence framework for VET Internationalisation of teachers, managers and policy makers, a training path and Open Educational Resources available on a digital plattform, internationalisation Plans for each of the participating VET Providers and methodological guidelines for reproducibility, Blueprint (strategies and best practices) to support the integration of VET into territorial development and innovation systems.

This project aims to study on a diachronic way (through Middle and Modern ages), the different original forms of Christianity that were to be found in the « border territories », located on political, religious and linguistic borders, i.e. the lotharingians territories, later on called during the Middle Ages the « inbetween lands » (from the North Sea to Savoy). This territories, along with the Milanese, formed the « catholic Ridge » during the modern era (the border of the catholic influence, between the Protestants in the east and the Catholics in the West). These specificities were asserted often by the historians, but rarely demonstrated, if it is not by case studies. The objective thus is to rethink the explanatory causes and the processes of such a multiplicity and variety of religious experiments, as well as their spread, their successes or failures, while highlighting more efficiently what is due to the circumstances and what is to be credited to the structural phenomenons, linked to the political and religious specificities of these regions. To cover this space and assure a really comparative and transverse approach, an international consortium with 7 historian research teams was established : 4 French teams (the CRULH of Lorraine – coordinator –, the LARHRA of Lyon, the LSH of Besançon, the CREHS of Arras) and 3 foreigners (Transitions of Liège, Institute of history of the University of Luxembourg, History Department of Università degli Studi of Milan). All in all, 37 people are committed in the project, which concerns essentially the history but also assures openings towards the art history and the musicology, to deal with the evolution of the liturgical practices : 12 medievalists, 21 modernists, 2 art historians, 2 musicologists. Given the tremendous size of the region and of the period to be studied, the project will focus on a comparative study of three main topics, by using in particular the methods of the historic anthropology, the gender studies, the prosopography : • The commitment of religious women (specificity of the feminine vocations ; the relations with the male management of the churches ; the feminine writings) : organization of three rounds tables and a final colloquium, with publication of the acts in the form of common synthesis ; three volumes of editions of texts ; on-line publishing and digitalizations of texts ; constitution of a database on these communities. • The pastoral models (episcopal models, formation and skills of the bishops, the organization of the diocesan staff, the legal or liturgical norms’ production, « clericalization » of the Protestant ministers) : organization of three round tables and a final colloquium with publication of the acts ; constitution of a prosopographical database on the episcopal staff (14th-17th c.). • Devotions and politics (promotion and spread of the devotional practices : specific ways of the Marian worship, « political » saints, specific devotion to the angels) : organization of two round tables and a final colloquium with publication of the acts ; one exhibition with realization of a catalog (Museum of sacred art from Fourvière in Lyon) ; on-line edition of an inventory of the editions of a devotion book, "best-seller" during two centuries in the considered region. All the works will give rise to the production of a web site and a global synthesis in the form of a book-atlas, which will contain hundred maps accompanied with long recapitulative notes and with iconography.