Applications such as hydrogen storage, separation, catalysis, delivery of poorly soluble drugs all demand internally micro- or meso-porous inorganic materials, with specific requirements for pore size and available surface area, which can be produced reliably, easily and cheaply. Therefore there is a great need to improve existing methods for production of porous materials. The proposal aims to investigate, by experiment, entirely novel micro- and meso-porous silica particles using nano/microbubbles as templating material. Recently published developments on the stability and long life of nano/microbubbles in aqueous and organic solvents have paved the way for their application in various fields and the proposed research intends to use stable nano/microbubbles to tune the internal porosity/architecture of an inorganic material. The work aims to identify the main parameters influencing the nano/microbubble size and relate it to the resulting internal structure as well as those influencing the silica particle size and uniformity. An efficient method (ultrasound sonicator and cavitation venturi tube) will be used to generate the nano/microbubbles and their size and stability will be validated allowing their use as templating material within the silica droplets to tailor the internal structure of spherical silica particles. Improved production of silica droplets containing nano/microbubbles using membrane emulsification will be a significant leap toward reducing surfactant templating methods and slow batch operation to grow silica particles. The aim is to facilitate the development of an eco-friendly process (that does not rely on templating surfactants) for the production of highly uniform porous spherical silica particles. Although silica will be used as a case study material, the process has the potential to be applied to tailor the internal architecture of both inorganic and polymeric nanostructures. Such nanostructures have great potential for applications in drug delivery, energy (e.g. hydrogen) storage as well as catalyst supports.

In project BIOBEADS we propose to develop, in combination, new manufacturing routes to new products. Manufacturing will be based on a low-energy process that can be readily scaled up, or down, and the products will be biodegradable microbeads, microscapsules and microsponges, which share the performance characteristics of existing plastic microsphere products, but which will leave no lasting environmental trace. Using bio-based materials such as cellulose (from plants) and chitin (from crab or prawn shells), we will use continuous manufacturing methods to generate microspheres, hollow capsules and porous particles to replace the plastic microbeads currently in use in many applications. Cellulose and chitin are biodegradable and also part of the diet of many marine organisms, meaning they have straightforward natural breakdown routes and will not accumulate in the environment. BIOBEADS will be produced using membrane emulsification techniques. The project builds on our joint expertise in membrane emulsification for continuous production of tunable droplet sizes, dissolution of cellulose and chitin in green solvents and in characterization of nanoscale and microscale structures to study all aspects of particle formation from precursors, through formation processes, to degradation routes. Yhe primary focus will be spheres and capsules, for use in cosmetics and personal care formulations, but, by understanding the processes and mechanisms of formation of these spheres, we aim to be able to tailor particle properties to suit larger scale applications from paint stripping, to fillers in biodegradable plastics. The BIOBEADS research team will work with industrial partners, including very large manufacturers of personal care products, to ensure that the research conducted can be taken up and used, so having a real, positive impact on the manufacturing of new, more sustainble products.

The Covid-19 pandemic continues to take a huge toll - an estimated 6.3m people have died including 178,000 in the UK. Globally 1.6bn students have missed school, 250m people will be pushed into extreme poverty and economic losses are estimated at £12tr. History shows that epidemic and pandemic threats constantly emerge, whilst SARS-CoV-2 continues to mutate as it becomes endemic. It is clear that major losses could be prevented by sustained domestic investment in public health. Work undertaken within Vax-Hub1 on responsive technologies and accelerated quality control methods enabled rapid development and manufacture of the ChAdOx1 vectored vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 (licensed for emergency use in December 2020 via a non-profit partnership with AstraZeneca). Over 2.9bn doses have now been released in 180 countries. The UK had a leading role during the pandemic and the proposed Hub builds on this success to advance novel research on a broader range of technologies. Working closely with stakeholders, Vax-Hub will enable the UK to be better prepared for the next pandemic. This investment into The Future Vaccine Manufacturing Hub will enable our vision to make the UK the global centre for vaccine discovery, development and manufacture. The Vaccine Manufacturing Hub brings together a world-class multidisciplinary team with decades of cumulative experience in all aspects of vaccine design and manufacturing research. This Hub will bring academia, industry, not-for-profit organizations and policy makers together to propose radical change in vaccine development and manufacturing technologies, building on a technological innovation culture. The Hub will enhance future vaccine manufacturing through (i) de-risked manufacture of new vaccines by strategically innovating for a selected range of the most promising platform technologies (established and novel/disruptive); (ii) developing manufacturing options that improve the product quality and so immunogenicity; (iii) streamlined manufacturing process development with novel responsive solutions and advanced digitalisation strategies; (iii) a focus on enhancing stability and needle-free administration routes so they become a reality within the lifetime of the Hub. The proposed Hub would be the natural location for early-stage research before projects are transferred to a GMP manufacturing facility. The work focuses on development of improved vaccine platforms which can be flexible enough to be used for multiple product manufacture. These improved vaccine technologies are used as case studies to test rapid and responsive development tools to create a whole process mimicking vaccine manufacture, which could be easily and quickly deployed in case of epidemic/pandemic scenario. Finally the research focuses on standard and novel adjuvants to make mucosal delivery a reality, thus allowing alternative route to injection for mass administration. The Hub will establish the UK as the global centre for end-to-end vaccine research and manufacture. Additionally, vaccines should be considered a national security priority, as it is evident that diseases do not respect international boundaries, thus this work into capacity building and rapid response is a significant advantage. The impact of this Hub will be felt internationally, as the UK reaffirms its leadership in Global Health and works to ensure that the outputs of this Hub reach the global community and the most vulnerable, especially children.

The vision of RM4L is that, by 2022 we will have achieved a transformation in construction materials, using the biomimetic approach first adopted in M4L, to create materials that will adapt to their environment, develop immunity to harmful actions, self-diagnose the on-set of deterioration and self-heal when damaged. This innovative research into smart materials will engender a step-change in the value placed on infrastructure materials and provide a much higher level of confidence and reliability in the performance of our infrastructure systems. The ambitious programme of inter-related work is divided into four Research Themes (RTs); RT1: Self-healing of cracks at multiple scales, RT2: Self-healing of time-dependent and cyclic loading damage, RT3: Self-diagnosis and immunisation against physical damage, and RT4: Self-diagnosis and healing of chemical damage. These bring together the four complementary technology areas of self-diagnosis (SD); self-immunisation and self-healing (SH); modelling and tailoring; and scaling up to address a diverse range of applications such as cast in-situ, precast, repair systems, overlays and geotechnical systems. Each application will have a nominated 'champion' to ensure viable solutions are developed. There are multiple inter-relationships between the Themes. The nature of the proposed research will be highly varied and encompass, amongst other things, fundamental physico-chemical actions of healing systems, flaws in potentially viable SH systems; embryonic and high-risk ideas for SH and SD; and underpinning mathematical models and optimisation studies for combined self-diagnosing/self-healing/self-immunisation systems. Industry, including our industrial partners throughout the construction supply chain and those responsible for the provision, management and maintenance of the world's built environment infrastructure will be the main beneficiaries of this project. We will realise our vision by addressing applications that are directly informed by these industrial partners. By working with them across the supply chain and engaging with complementary initiatives such as UKCRIC, we will develop a suite of real life demonstration projects. We will create a network for Early Career Researchers (ECRs) in this field which will further enhance the diversity and reach of our existing UK Virtual Centre of Excellence for intelligent, self-healing construction materials. We will further exploit established relationships with the international community to maximise impact and thereby generate new initiatives in a wide range of related research areas, e.g. bioscience (bacteria); chemistry (SH agents); electrochemical science (prophylactics); computational mechanics (tailoring and modelling); material science and engineering (nano-structures, polymer composites); sensors and instrumentation and advanced manufacturing. Our intention is to exploit the momentum in outreach achieved during the M4L project and advocate our work and the wider benefits of EPRSC-funded research through events targeted at the general public and private industry. The academic impact of this research will be facilitated through open-access publications in high-impact journals and by engagement with the wider research community through interdisciplinary networks, conferences, seminars and workshops.