Subsurface modelling using geoscientific data is essential to understand the Earth and to sustainably manage natural resources. Geology and geophysics are two critical aspects of such modelling. Geological and geophysical models have different resolutions and are sensitive to different features. Considering only geological or geophysical aspects often leads to contradictions as creating an Earth model is a highly non-unique problem. In addition, the sensitivity of the data is limited and many objects cannot be differentiated by a single discipline. The only way to address this is solving the longstanding challenge of integrating of geological data and knowledge (orientation data, contacts and ontologies) and geophysical methods (physical fields). Recent techniques usually focus on features the data is sensitive to and merely use one discipline to falsify hypotheses from the other. Such approach prevents considering the full range of potential outcomes, and fails to exploit the sensitivity of both approaches. This project proposes a different philosophy to solve the challenge of connecting geological and geophysical modelling. It first involves the development of a novel method integrating the two model types in a single framework giving them equal importance. Geological and geophysical data will be modelled simultaneously through an implicit functional mapping one domain into the other by linking their respective models. This will allow the simultaneous recovery of compatible geological and geophysical models. Secondly, this project will use a new hybrid deterministic-stochastic optimisation technique to explore the range of subsurface scenarios to estimate the diversity of features that cannot be differentiated based on the available data. Thirdly, after proof-of-concept, the method will be applied to two cases: imaging of a mantle uplift in the Pyrenees Mountains (France/Spain), and study of potential new subsurface scenarios around the Kevitsa mine (Finland).

Light elements such as hydrogen and nitrogen present large isotope variations among solar system objects and reservoirs (including planetary atmospheres) that remain unexplained at present. Works based on theoretical approaches are model-dependent and do not reach a consensus. Laboratory experiments are required in order to develop the underlying physical mechanisms. The aim of the project is to investigate the origins of and processes responsible for isotope variations of the light elements and noble gases in the Solar System through an experimental approach involving ionization of gaseous species. We will also investigate mechanisms and processes of isotope fractionation of atmophile elements in planetary atmospheres that have been irradiated by solar UV photons, with particular reference to Mars and the early Earth. Three pathways will be considered: (i) plasma ionisation of gas mixtures (H2-CO-N2-noble gases) in a custom-built reactor; (ii) photo-ionisation and photo-dissociation of the relevant gas species and mixtures using synchrotron light; and (iii) UV irradiation of ices containing the species of interest. The results of this study will shed light on the early Solar System evolution and on processes of planetary formation.

In our modern society, the need for continuous knowledge of the human body’s parameters is a growing trend. From potentially life-saving healthcare applications to more casual cosmetics wellness/sport use, connected objects that monitor body parameters are part of a multibillion dollar - and growing - market. Yet, the need for possibly uncomfortable wires, bracelets or sometimes belts prevents the end-users from long-term continuous use of such connected objects. In this context, a new field has emerged: “epidermal electronics” i.e. a new class of electronics, with devices that are tattooed on the skin in a seamless way, and that can stretch, bent, twist or conform to any shape Yet, epidermal electronics still suffers a few limitations: it often requires the use of inconvenient electrodes to measure different parameters (temperature, Strain, EEG, EMG), and on the other hand the implementation of batteries and RF radios to make active transceivers in this format is extremely challenging. That is why the development of fully passive sensors is very interesting. In this context, Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) devices are particularly relevant. The SAW-based sensors present the advantage to be fully passive (battery-less) and can be interrogated using wireless techniques. The goal of the SAWGOOD project is to lay the groundwork to a new generation of imperceptible wireless on-skin stretchable surface acoustic wave sensors enabled by the combination of 3 aspects : efficient on-skin antennas, confined WLAW (Waveguiding Layer Acoustic Wave) structures in order to make packageless/self-protected structures, and advanced stretchable electronics micro-fabrication. The WLAW solution also makes it possible to push the miniaturization to its extreme by producing very low-profile components The final goal is to make a “ready-to-tattoo” multifunctional sensors with a total thickness below 40 µm that will be passive, battery-less, wireless and packageless. Our long term goal is to build a complete wireless stretchable sensing platform that includes a wide range of biomedical sensors, that will include temperature, magnetic field, hydration, strain and pressure. In the framework of this ANR JCJC, we chose to focus on two accessible measurandes of biomedical interest, with a conservative wireless range of 50 cm. - the main one is the temperature, with a goal of sensitivity of 0.1°C - the second one is the magnetic field. Here the goal is twofold: measure the mid-range (mT) magnetic field, as an alert device for pace-maker wearers. The second goal is to make progress towards brain fields sensing (fT) range. This being too far, an intermediate goal in the nT-µT range is set. ISM frequency bands will be used for the interrogation (433MHz, 868 MHz, 2450 MHz). Collaborations with industrial partners (end-users: Pharmagest and BASF Beauty Creations, and microelectronics integrators: Frec|n|sys/SOITEC and Femto Engineering) have already begun to adress the needs of end-users and the specifications and constraints of wafer providers / integrators. This project will open new markets for those companies and will contribute to stimulate industrial renewal On a more personal level, this JCJC project ll be the occasion for Dr Hage-Ali to strengthen his research topic at IJL around elastomer-based stretchable sensors and will constitute a big step towards an application for an ERC Consolidator grant in 2021-2022.