In Spring 2020, the pandemic and the lockdown it led to gave birth to a large number of collect operations of traces of the event – photographs, stories, testimonies …. organized by cultural institutions and calling for citizen participation. Involving ordinary people in curating this « historical » time was meant to strengthen social cohesion and foster a « collective resilience ». The ArchiCOVID project aims at putting this expectation to the test. Who did actually take part to this social dynamics of curating the ordinary experiences of the pandemic (and who did not) ? What did these citizen-participants expect from being part of such a large archivistic initiative and what kind of impact did these collective practices have on them? On the other side of the spectrum, to what extent did these collect initiatives change the professional routines of those who launched them, mainly curators, archivists or librarians ? To answer these questions, and some others related to them, ArchiCOVID will conduct an in-depth study realizing quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews with participants and professionals as well as a general survey of the general population. In doing so, it will provide professionals for a global evaluation of their initiatives they have longed for. But, far beyond, it will assess to what extent this memory in construction is collective enough to be helpful in building a resilient society for the future.

The asymmetric distribution of lipids between the two leaflets of cell membranes is a fundamental feature of eukaryotic cells. For instance, while phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin are restricted to the outer leaflet of membranes of the late secretory/endocytic pathways in most cell types, phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate are only found in the cytosolic leaflet. Regulated exposure of PS in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane is an early signal for clearance of apoptotic cells by macrophages or triggering of the blood coagulation cascade. Inside the cell, PS plays critical roles since the high negative surface charge conferred by PS on the cytosolic leaflet of membranes facilitates the recruitment of polybasic motif-containing proteins such as the small GTPase K-Ras and the membrane fission protein EHD1, providing a link between PS distribution and regulation of cell signalling and vesicular trafficking. For transbilayer lipid asymmetry to be maintained, cells have evolved the so-called lipid flippases, transmembrane proteins from the P4-ATPase family which are responsible for the active transport of lipid species from the exoplasmic to the cytosolic leaflet of membranes, at the expense of ATP. Most P4-ATPases require association with transmembrane proteins from the Cdc50 family for proper localization and lipid transport activity. The yeast lipid flippase complex Drs2-Cdc50 has been shown to specifically transport PS and this transport is crucial for bidirectional vesicle trafficking between the endosomal system and the trans-Golgi network (TGN). Mutations in human P4-ATPases have been linked to severe neurological disorders, reproductive dysfunction as well as metabolic and liver disease, underlining the essential role of transbilayer lipid asymmetry in cell physiology. We previously showed, using a combination of limited proteolysis, genetic truncation, and structural approaches, that the catalytic activity of purified Drs2-Cdc50 complex is autoinhibited by its two unstructured N- and C-terminal extensions and activated by phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI4P). Yet, the molecular mechanism underlying activation of Drs2-Cdc50-dependent lipid transport activity remains unknown. Recently, the small GTPase Arl1 and the Arf-GEF Gea2, a GDP/GTP exchange factor for Arf, were shown to physically interact with the N- and C-termini of Drs2, respectively, and to be required for Drs2-Cdc50-catalyzed lipid transport in isolated TGN vesicles. Arl1 also binds to Gea2, suggesting an intricate mechanism for the regulation of Drs2-mediated transbilayer lipid transport. Based on previous work and our preliminary results, our working hypothesis is that binding of Arl1 and Gea2 to the N- and C-termini of Drs2 relieves autoinhibition and thus activates lipid transport by Drs2-Cdc50. Hence, combining biochemical, in silico and medium/high-resolution structural approaches, FLIPPER aims to dissect this regulatory mechanism, using in vitro reconstitution of the lipid transport machinery. This will be achieved by combining our expertise in the structural and biochemical analysis of small GTPases and Arf-GEFs (J. Cherfils) with structural mass spectrometry techniques, including hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (C. Bechara), structure determination of the Drs2-Cdc50-Arl1-Gea2 complex by cryo-EM (J. Lyons/P. Nissen) and know-how into the biochemistry and functional investigation of lipid flippases (G. Lenoir). Altogether, our proposal aims to provide a mechanistic basis for Drs2 activation in vivo and reveal new functions for understudied small GTPases and large Arf-GEFs such as Arl1 and Gea2.

Visual confidence refers to our ability to estimate the correctness of our visual perceptual decisions. As compared to other forms of metacognition, meta-perception has attracted a burst of studies recently, no doubt because perception already benefits from strong theoretical frameworks. We have recently refined these existing frameworks by proposing to clearly distinguish sensory evidence from some “confidence evidence” that drives the confidence decision. The problem now is to characterize the properties and consequences of this confidence evidence, and this is the aim of the present proposal. As the number of studies grows, it becomes clear that visual confidence is not simply a noisy estimate of the perceptual decision, but instead depends on a large number of factors. We have identified four axes that we believe will contribute to shape confidence evidence: (1) individual variability, (2) task accessibility, (3) global confidence, and (4) perceptual learning. The purpose of the first axis is to understand which cues are used for confidence, and for this purpose, we will study confidence variability across individuals. Some of the idiosyncratic variability in confidence judgment efficiency might come from a variable temptation to exaggerate the impact of stimulus noise on the estimation of one own performance. In the second axis, we will try to understand what in a task determines the accessibility to visual confidence. In particular, we will test the hypothesis that more high-level tasks, such as face identification, lead to better confidence efficiency that low-level tasks, such as detecting whether two line segments are aligned. The aim of the third axis is to understand how individuals construct a sense of confidence for a task as a whole, not for a single isolated judgment. We will start by carefully studying how confidence builds up within a set of stimuli and compare how such a global confidence compares with a single decision confidence. Finally, in the fourth axis, we will study how perceptual learning benefits from visual confidence. In particular, we will test the extent to which confidence evidence can be seen as an internal error signal that can act as a proxy for an external feedback. We believe that a better understanding of these four fundamental aspects of confidence evidence will help us derive an accurate and useful model of visual confidence, and ultimately of metacognition.

I am a Full Professor in Economics at the University Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne. I graduated in 2009 with a Ph.D in Economics from the University of Minnesota under the supervision of Aldo Rustichini. I am an applied game theorist intrigued by the study of behavior that deviates from perfect rationality. I thus employ laboratory and field experiments to collect data, which I analyze to better understand (and model) economic decision-making. Over the years, my research interests have spanned from an analysis and modelling of behavior in repeated games to that in prediction markets. My papers have been published in prestigious journals such as International Economic Review, Games and Economic Behavior, and Frontiers in Neuroscience to name a few. My recent working paper titled ‘Information Aggregation Under Ambiguity: Theory and Experimental Evidence’ with Galanis and Kotronis inspired this research proposal. The paper is revised to be resubmitted to The Review of Economic Studies.

The WE-GEMINA project is twofold and to be developed at different scales: a macro-transnational scale and a micro-local scale. The first part of the project is focused on the transnational narratives circulating on the social networks. Crossing sexism and xenophobia, they increase the gender inequalities and the discrimination based on real or supposed ethnic origin. A second and complementary component intends to identify, through a multi-situated approach, counter-narratives which could contribute to renewing the debate on gender in migration. In the global context of the rise of populism, and especially since 2011 and the wave of migration related to the Syrian civil war, the most extreme and anti-migrant discourses put pressure on all European debates on migration. Stated by politicians, circulating on social networks or available on websites or blogs, populist narratives on gender and migration activate distressing representations as well as biased perceptions of reality, which threaten the cohesion of societies, diminish their resilience and increase risks of violence against migrant women. In globalized populist rhetoric, xenophobic and sexist narratives are intertwined, so that offensives against migrant women seem specific: according to national contexts, they are suspected of taking undue advantage of social protection systems through their multiple pregnancies, of threatening secularism, challenging a family model based on a supposed gender equality, of transgressing gender norms, fueling prostitution and clandestine labor, or - in the most conspiratorial theses- to be the matrix of a "great replacement". However, the unequal gender, class and race relationships largely invisibilize the structural violence and multiple discrimination faced by migrant women. In fact, the diffusion of such distorted representations increases their physical, sexual, social or professional vulnerability. In order to counter the influence of the xenophobic and sexist discourses against migrant women, the proposal aims firstly to deconstruct, based on different national contexts, the rhetorical and technological forces of their effectiveness, secondly to identify alternative narratives that are likely to inflect them. It will not focus exclusively on female migrants outside the European Union, but on all women perceived as foreign and mobile people: European Roma women, Muslim or perceived Muslim migrants, racist sub-Saharan migrants, LBTQIA + migrants. Based on two major social networks providing narratives, Facebook and Twitter, and mobilizing specific software, the analysis of sexist and xenophobic narratives focus on their substance, but also on the tools and strategies of their dissemination. The question of the "past" will be investigated by the uses of a supposed past in populist narratives. Against the narratives grounded in an ethnocultural conception of the political community and seeking to create collective fear, the counter-narratives value the concrete experience of migration carried by mixed migrant and non-migrant communities. The identification of such counter-narratives should provide guidelines to enlighten different actors, including the press, associations and politicians, in resisting xenophobic themes and populist strategies. The project involves a consortium of research teams, complementary to each other and strongly sensitized to issues of gender and discrimination, from seven countries differently exposed to populist rhetoric.