Due to lack of targeted interventions, compliance issues, insufficient effect sizes and a high non-responder rate to currently available interventions, there is an urgent need to develop innovative and new interventions for chronic paediatric neuropsychiatric disorders, such as Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been shown to be an innovative, effective and safe alternative treatment approach for neuropsychiatric disorders in adults. Here, for the first time, the effect of tDCS on core neurocognitive and behavioral outcomes will be proven in children and adolescents. First, effect sizes and safety of standard tDCS in the clinical setting targeting core brain regions and disorder specific cognitive tasks will be established by three phase-IIa randomized, double blind, sham-controlled studies in ADHD and ASD. Second, the impact of brain development and age-dependent anatomical / functional features on effects of tDCS will be studied systematically using methods of modern neurophysiology, neuroimaging and electric current modeling. This involves an additional phase-I clinical trial. Third, mechanisms of tDCS on brain function will be studied, and biomarkers will be developed in order to predict individual response to standard and individualized stimulation protocols. Finally, the applicability of tDCS in children and adolescents will be improved by developing an innovative personalized home-based treatment option in combination with a telemental health service, which will be tested by a fifth, phase-IIa clinical trial. Throughout the entire project, ethical concerns of the target population will be addressed. This project opens a new avenue for the application of tDCS as an alternative treatment for a great number of chronic neuropsychiatric disorders in children and adolescents and will allow flexible integration of tDCS in the daily routine of families.

Computational Creativity is the study of how to build software which takes on some of the creative responsibility in arts and science projects. We are at a stage where software can generate pictures, melodies, jokes and poems, can invent new words and discover new and interesting mathematical theorems, and regularly helps scientists to make important discoveries. This kind software can be used autonomously, or in collaboration with creative people. It is also used in cognitive modelling projects, to shed light on aspects of human and animal creativity. In the last decade, Computational Creativity has come of age, as evidenced by special issues of publications such as the Minds and Machines journal and the AI magazine, and the first International Joint Conference on Computational Creativity, which replaced 10 years of successful workshops at major AI conferences. The proposed Leadership Fellow, Simon Colton, is a recognised expert in Computational Creativity, and has been working in the field since 1996. He is unique in having been involved in successful applications of creative software to four different domains, namely mathematical invention, video game design, graphic design and the visual arts. His mathematical theory formation software, HR, has produced theorems and concepts published in the mathematical literature; his visual art software, The Painting Fool, has produced pictures that have been exhibited and attracted much public attention; and research being done in the Computational Creativity group that he leads at Imperial College is helping video games companies to design the next generation of adaptive, personalised games. A number of authors, such as Boden, Wiggins and Ritchie, have introduced formalisms which help us to be more precise about the creativity of software. However, there is no agreed upon theory which can describe the behaviour of software with sufficient acuity, coverage and formality that enables accurate comparison of implementations. In short, we have no generic way of saying that software B is more creative than software A. This has held back our field, because with no concrete and formal measures of the creativity of the software we build, it has been hard to put forward falsifiable scientific hypotheses that one approach is more creative than another, hence it has been difficult to progress, and to show progress. With this Fellowship, we propose to change this situation, by developing Computational Creativity Theory (CCT). This will comprise a series of models, each of which contains some conceptual definitions and some calculations involving those definitions which can be used to compare and contrast the creativity of software. The foundational models will make more precise the notion of a creative act and the impact they can have, and the more acute models will cover aspects of creative behaviour including intentionality, interpretation, imagination, appreciation and affect. To model computer creativity sufficiently well, we generalise past the merely generative and past usual AI notions of value, into new areas where software is expected to invent its own aesthetic and utilitarian measures, and frame its creations by describing its motivations, intentions, methods and innovations and by putting its work into historical and cultural contexts. The proposed programme of research has the development of CCT at its heart. This is informed by a series of practical projects involving applications to creative language, music, visual arts, mathematics and games, and covering modes of creativity including realtime generation, assistive technologies and creative collaborations. By building and disseminating CCT, we will help to bring Computational Creativity research into a new era, where formal notions of creativity underpin software systems which really enrich our cultural lives.

The ivBM-4PAP project aims to develop a fast-scan Brillouin Microscope capable of sub-millisecond acquisition time to be suitable for In-Vivo measurements in cells and tissues, applicable to the field of biomedicine. This represents a major breakthrough in the field of microscopy since the long acquisition time of the today standard techniques has limited their use only to fixed samples. Thus, the ivBM will allow the measurement of the dynamic changes of mechanical properties of sub-cellular structures in living cells in real time. This will be extremely relevant to uncover the protein aggregates and the pathophysiological mechanism of different neurodegenerative diseases. Among them, within this proposal, we aim to shed light on the mechanism driving the onset and the progression of frontotemporal dementia (FTD), the most common cause of dementia in younger people with a devastating prognosis and no effective treatment. Indeed, the poor translation of findings obtained from animal models to humans has contributed for the yet poorly understood disease mechanism and thereby for the failure rate in drug development. Hence, in this proposal, the UC partner will provide the consortium with in-vitro models (iPSCs and patient-derived brain organoids), that better address the specific neuropathological features of FTD patients. Also, to detect early disease phases, we will model genetic (GRN and C9orf72) mediated forms of FTD, where at-risk individuals, still asymptomatic, can be assessed prior to clinical conversion. These models will be used to test ivBM, performance in terms of reliability, spatial resolution and acquisition time. Moreover, ivBM will be used to assess the mechanical properties of the existing structures, their nature, changes in their mechanical properties and their relationship with FTD. Indeed, applying ivBM to this protein aggregation-based pathology could increase our capability for an early detection, improving patient’s prognosis and management

The DISPOSED-H project is dedicated to the scientific data of the Humanities and Social Sciences. It aims to give visibility to SSH resources and data at European and international level by providing a dedicated multilingual services platform. It responds to a need due to the great disparity of journals and locations of data in SHS that make them difficult to reuse, to share and to spread. It also helps to internationalize the scientific output of researchers, who often remain in a national configuration. The DISPOSED-H project aims to respond to these pitfalls by relying heavily on the ISIDORE tool, and in particular its Isidore on demand service developed by the Huma-Num TGIR. This SSH-specific search engine builds on the principles of the web of data and makes it easy to find resources while giving authors the ability to enrich their own metadata. The DISPOSED-H project is not intended to provide an alternative to scientific publishing in SSH. It marks the transition to Open Science by offering a multilingual environment and a strong commitment to Open Access. This objective justifies the choice of the INFRAEOSC call since it is then necessary to integrate the discovery platform resulting from the work of the DISPOSED-H consortium at EOSC. In doing so, the work and data of researchers in SHS will be visible both by their peers, but also by civil society (citizens, public institutions, companies). One of the contributions of this platform will be for example to link scientific productions with concrete achievements, reading recommendations, help with documentary research. The DISPOSED-H project will feed the future OPERAS infrastructure, which aims to engage in open scientific communication in SSH. The network is mostly built from the OPERAS consortium, but not only. The multidisciplinary dimension is evident here since it concerns all the sciences that we are accustomed to bringing together under the heading "human and social sciences". The activities of the partners offer a spectrum of possibilities large enough to meet the requirements of the call but also to develop a European environment open to the services of scientific publications in SSH. To do this, the network is structured around three types of partners: a first circle that will provide specific services related to the uses and visibility of scientific data, a second to organize the platform for integration into the EOSC, to work on its design in particular according to the different target audiences, and finally a third devoted to the issues of multilingualism, both for the platform itself and to work towards the alignment of the standards in most European languages for the ISIDORE service. The network is designed on the one hand to prepare the main issues related to the creation of the platform, such as the harmonization of standards, integration into the EOSC, possible uses for civil society and on the other hand to strengthen collaborations and exchanges between partners so that everyone has the autonomy and ease necessary to fulfill their commitments and rely on members. The DISPOSED-H project also meets the European performance criteria by the potential for innovation it brings insofar as it contributes to the structuring of the field of SHS and where it aims to promote the appropriation of the results of research by all kinds of audiences. Finally, it relies on national and European infrastructures that are already recognized in Europe and have experience in both European projects and the development of digital tools.