This project explores the migration of Romani ('Gypsy') groups between Germany and Britain between the 1880s and 1914. It studies and makes visible, through digital humanities methods, these widely overlooked migratory movements in a transnational perspective. It examines how the migratory space was structured through economic agency and individual action, media representation and public responses in detail, drawing on research in German, British, Polish and Dutch archives and on the extensive press coverage of the period. Two journeys of Romani Germans to Britain, and their subsequent deportations, in 1904-05 and 1906, will receive particular attention. The project mines the extensive body of text and images that the migratory movements generated to illuminate the agency of the Romani travellers themselves, their reasons for moving from Germany and their strategies for survival in Britain. The parallel aim of the project is to situate Romani migration between Germany and Britain in wider developments in regional, national and transnational policing. The Romani travellers were subject to police harassment and control wherever they went. In this period there was an intensified public and official discussion about the 'Gypsy problem' all over Europe, associated with increased police pressure on Romani and Traveller households. In practice, this was mainly exercised through the discriminatory application of controls on informal business activities, itinerant trades and associated lifestyles. But in continental Europe the police also developed forms of identity documentation, racial profiling and record-keeping that targeted Romani groups, often in collaboration with a new generation of race scientists. This project uses the lens of specific Romani migrations to explore the ways in which the practices and experiences of local police in both countries informed the national policing of 'Gypsies'. It also asks how police attitudes and practices in Britain and Germany developed in relation to one another. Both practised racialised policing in their colonies, and the project treats the realm of Romani migration between them as a transimperial space of knowledge exchange. At the same time, the overlap between the policing of 'Gypsies' as a group and the policing of itinerant trades and informal economies is significant, given that high industrialism and urbanisation were re-setting the boundaries between formal and informal. In exploring not only the racial but the economic dimensions of the policing of Romani mobility, situating the Romani migrants themselves as economic actors, the project contributes to mainstreaming Romani history in Europe's wider story. The project involves collaboration with German and British Romani and Traveller communities. A key element in terms both of methods and outputs will be the development of an interactive digital map.

Between the fourth and the sixth centuries exile was a legal sanction frequently used by Roman emperors and the rulers of the post-Roman successor states against dissident Christian clerics. This project seeks to test the hypothesis that such exile proved to be not only a form of punishment, but also, and more importantly, a form of cultural encounter. Clerics in exile spread their ideas at places where they had previously been unknown. They also absorbed influences from their new environment and, in the case of recall from exile, transferred ideas and experiences elsewhere. This process, the project contends, had a profound impact on the development of Christianity and its foundational texts in this period, which are still noticeable today. For example, the Nicene creed, which most of modern Christian denominations subscribe to, may not have had the same impact without the banishment of its original supporters during the fourth century. In order to prove its hypothesis, the project adopts an interdisciplinary approach with an innovative methodology. It is a collaboration between Dr Julia Hillner (Sheffield, PI), a legal historian, and two international co-investigators, Prof Jörg Ulrich (Halle), a theologian, and Associate Prof Jakob Engberg (Aarhus), a cultural historian. While both the development of Christian theology and ritual in this period and the legal development of the Roman penalty of exile have been extensively studied, the two have not been brought together before. The project seeks to rectify this gap in scholarship by re-invigorating traditional legal and theological studies that have typically concentrated on normative sources through the application of a digital approach that will help to set these sources in context. To this end, the project includes the construction of a relational database that collects all available information on individual clerical exiles. The data will be derived from printed and online source editions and we anticipate a dataset comprising records for approximately 1,000 individuals. This will allow the project team to trace and visualise the personal and geographical networks clerical exiles developed and maintained from their place of banishment and after return from exile. The quantitative information will provide the basis for a thorough qualitative re-assessment of selected legal, theological and hagiographical texts of the period (also available in edited form), which will be investigated in the light of the networks of their authors and audiences. This part of the project will seek to establish the influence of exile experiences on the formation of Christian law, Christian doctrine and Christian cult in late antiquity. In short, the project involves a long-term study of exile that focuses on social networks of individual clerics and interprets institutional texts and structures not according to a top-down model of change, but as a result of relations among individuals, facilitated by exile, within a decentralised framework, in which every element of the network contributed to shape institutional developments. The results of the project will be disseminated via a book co-authored by the PI, the Co-Is and the research associate of the project, and via a doctoral dissertation. The project will also maintain a project blog and website, which will ensure access to the database for a larger academic audience, and, embedded in educational material, for a broader non-academic audience, and will hold a final international conference. The project will also develop a network of local museums and heritage organisations at places of late antique banishment with a view to develop closer collaboration for future funding applications. The project will commence in May 2014 and is scheduled to run for 36 months.

Music has always been highly mobile and musicians have been crossing cultural and physical borders for centuries, both voluntarily and as a result of inhospitable ideological, economic and environmental forces in their homelands. This project investigates the relationships that develop between migrants and their adopted host society, and how they manifest in their own creativity, each crucial to evaluating the cultural impact of migration. However, our understanding of the role of mobility and migration in shaping musical culture as a whole is as yet limited. This project brings fresh methodological approaches to the study of the experiences, musical lives and subsequent impact on British musical culture of musicians who came from Nazi-ruled Europe in the 1930s and '40s. Many of them went on to make major contributions to the successful reinvigoration of art music in the ensuing decades. The project will investigate and map the journeys and careers of approximately 30 musicians as they negotiated and helped to form aspects of British musical life in the post-war period as influential teachers, composers and performers, and in major institutions such as opera houses, the BBC, and higher education. It will explore how musical skills, traditions and values were transported and exchanged, and how these interactions affected the migrants themselves, local musicians, and public musical life at large. The project also probes the practical challenges of performing and mediating their compositions-which are defined by multiple trans-national cultural influences and traditions-through a programme of experimental open rehearsal workshops. Selected works by migrant musicians that for various reasons have remained hidden will be explored by professional and student musicians, and contemporarily relevant approaches to their presentation in performance will be tested in public. Through practice-based research, we aim to bring a fresh dimension to conventional musical analysis, highlighting the cultural value of this music for contemporary audiences interested in its broader historical context. The project includes a structured programme of research in a dozen major archives in the UK, Germany and Austria pertaining to this history, and in particular two key institutions, Glyndebourne Festival Opera and the Anglo-Austrian Music Society in London, both critical in different ways to the impact of this group of migrants on the shaping of post-war British music. Archival and historical research combined with images, oral history interviews and recorded performances will form the basis for the creation of a series of on-line 'story maps' that use geo-visualisation software to present multi-perspective narratives combining text, images, video and audio, and dynamic links to a host of relevant additional resources. From the start of the project we aim to facilitate dialogues between scholars and artists working within the context of mobility and migration today. The project team will develop a theoretical understanding of the relationship between musical cultures, mobility and migration that can benefit future research. A symposium co-hosted by the Austrian Cultural Forum will set out the scope and direction of a cross-disciplinary debate; a series of scholarly journal articles by the PI, Co-Is and RAs will develop specific themes; and an international conference co-hosted by the German Historical Institute will extend debate to other examples of music, migration and mobility. Public exhibitions at three partner institutions will complement the project's website, which will integrate the c.30 story maps, institutional case-studies, videos of workshops, performances and oral history interviews, textual commentary, and free-to-download music editions into a rich resource for the benefit of school students, musicians, educators and scholars who wish to find new approaches to our culture, characterised as it is by migration and mobility.