The LEAD2 project is built on the results of the LEAD project, but with significant new & innovative contributions. The rational for setting up the LEAD2 project is two-fold: 1)need for deeper & broader innovative capacity building on university governance and academic leadership among Chinese and European HEIs, 2)the lack of Knowledge Base and Referencing tool for academic leaders. Therefore, the LEAD2 has four main objectives: 1)customise innovative specialized & targeted blended training for academic leaders, 2)deepen the understanding of university governance and academic leadership (AL) in diverse contexts through comparative studies, 3)create an online Knowledge Base and Referencing Tool for academic leaders, 4)establish an EU-China Center on AL. The key results will include 1) customised blended training (MOOCs & F2F workshop series) targeted for young, middle-level and top-level academic leaders; 2)research reports and publications that significantly contribute to the understanding of university governance and AL in China and the EU; 3)created online Knowledge Base and Quick Referencing tool for (potential) academic leaders; 4)a sustainable EU-China Center on AL. The project will have significant impact in further strengthening the EU-China cooperation in university governance, supporting the modernisation and internationalisation of HEIs and fostering innovative capacities of Chinese and European universities. It will also further contribute to the EU-China High Level People-to-People Dialogue (HPPD), especially the EU-China cooperation in higher education. The key stakeholders include university academic leaders at different levels including potential academic leaders, Chinese and European HEIs, and relevant policy makers.The Consortium is a strong and unique partnership with 6 European and 6 Chinese universities, which ensures a complementarity of expertise and also regional relevance of capacity building in different parts of China & the EU.

The Europlanet 2024 Research Infrastructure (EPN-2024-RI) will provide the pan-EU infrastructure needed to address the major scientific and technological challenges facing modern planetary science and strengthen Europe’s position at the forefront of space exploration. EPN-2024-RI builds on the foundations of a series of highly successful EU-funded projects that have created the leading Virtual Observatory for planetary data and the largest, most diverse collection in the world today of field and laboratory facilities capable of simulating and analysing planetary environments. EPN-2024-RI will provide Transnational Access (TA) to an enhanced set of world-leading field and laboratory facilities, Virtual Access (VA) to state-of-the-art data services and tools linked to the European Open Science Cloud (EOSC), and Networking Activities (NA) to widen the user base and draw in new partners from Under Represented States (URS), non-EU countries, industry and interdisciplinary fields, and to train the next generation of RI leaders and users. With 56 beneficiaries, from both industry and academic sectors, providing access to 31 TA facilities on 5 continents and 4 VA services linking over 100 data services and catalogues, EPN-2024-RI represents a step-change in ambition for planetary science worldwide. Innovations include the establishment of a ground based observation network to support space based missions, the launch of an interactive mapping service to provide virtual exploration of planetary surfaces, and the development of machine learning tools for data mining to fully exploit and analyse planetary data sets. EPN-2024-RI will establish global collaborations and an international userbase for the RI through inclusion of partners in Africa, Asia and South America. Ultimately, EPN-2024-RI will support the transition of this unique infrastructure to a sustainable future within the structure of the Europlanet Society.

SIEUSOIL will design, implement and test a shared China-EU Web Observatory platform that will provide Open Linked Data to monitor status and threats of soil and assist in decision making for sustainable support of agro-ecosystem functions, in view of the projected climate change. The Observatory platform will through customizable modules support the wise management of soil at field level and will provide showcase of good practices on soil management both for EU and China. The final target will be to support sustainable management of soil, increase land productivity sustainably, reduce crop yield variability across time and space, and support the policy formulation process. Innovative practices and tools will be tested in SIEUSOIL and their impact will be assessed for improved soil fertility and land suitability.

Stalagmites and other carbonates deposited in caves provide a potentially powerful record of past climate. Stalagmites have a wider geographical dispersion than lakes or ice cores and provide an ideal terrestrial complement to marine sediment cores. Stalagmites have additional advantages in that they can be very accurately and precisely dated, and that they suffer no sedimentary mixing so can provide very high resolution geochemical records. These advantages have led to a burgeoning interest in reconstruction of climate from stalagmites in the last decade - a trend that looks set to continue. There is, however, a big problem with such stalagmite paleoclimate research. This is that we cannot yet reliably turn geochemical measurements in stalagmites into quantitative information about the past climate. In some locations, stable-isotope data provides qualitative information about change, but we desperately need to develop better understanding of these and other geochemical proxies so we can reliably use them to reconstruct the past. The work proposed here will provide understanding of stalagmite paleoclimate proxies through a series of laboratory experiments mimicking the cave environment in which stalagmites grow. We have built a laboratory apparatus that allows super-saturated waters with high CO2 contents to drop onto glass-plates in closely controlled conditions and to degas to form calcite in a manner identical to that seen in the cave environment. We have demonstrated the success of this apparatus and used it to assess the role of temperature and drip-rate in controlling stalagmite geochemistry. Here we propose to replicate these experiments, and to go beyond them to also understand the role of variables such as pCO2, solution saturation, and humidity in controlling stalagmite geochemistry. We will characterize the samples grown in this way both for their chemistry and for their crystallographic features, and apply some simple models to develop a significantly better understanding of trace-metal and stable isotopes incorporation into stalagmites, under conditions of both thermodynamic equilibrium and kinetic fractionation. This work will have direct implications for the interpretation of existing and new stalagmite records, with perhaps the clearest reward coming in the interpretation of high-resolution climate records. We will also apply some new geochemical tools which have seen little previous application to the cave environment. The clumping of minor isotopes within molecules (such as the carbonate ion) has been shown to be temperature dependant, providing a potentially powerful paleothermometer in caves, but one that is unfortunately complicated by kinetic effects. Our laboratory samples will help, via a collaboration with Yale University, to understand the uses and pitfalls of this clumped-isotope paleothermometer. We will also measure some relatively unexplored isotope systems such as Ca, Li, Sr, and Mg isotopes to assess their use as paleoproxies. Finally, we will assess, by adding microbes to our experiments, the possibility that life plays a role in the precipitation and chemistry of stalagmites. Such cave carbonates are normally thought to grow inorganically, but very recent culturing and sequencing work has uncovered a diverse microbial assemblage on stalagmite surfaces, with some species known to have a role in carbonate precipitation in other environments. We will include microbial strains found in the natural cave environment in our experiments to assess the importance of life for growth of cave carbonates. In total, the outcome of these laboratory experiments will be a much improved understanding of the geochemistry of stalagmites, significantly advancing their usefulness as archives of past climate, and therefore providing new insights into the magnitude, timing, and processes of climate change on the continents.

We propose a large-scale, multi-faceted, international programme of research on the functioning of the Earth system at a key juncture in its history - the Early Jurassic. At that time the planet was subject to distinctive tectonic, magmatic, and solar system orbital forcing, and fundamental aspects of the modern biosphere were becoming established in the aftermath of the end-Permian and end-Triassic mass extinctions. Breakup of the supercontinent Pangaea was accompanied by creation of seaways, emplacement of large igneous provinces, and occurrence of biogeochemical disturbances, including the largest magnitude perturbation of the carbon-cycle in the last 200 Myr, at the same time as oceans became oxygen deficient. Continued environmental perturbation played a role in the recovery from the end-Triassic mass extinction, in the rise of modern phytoplankton, in preventing recovery of the pre-existing marine fauna, and in catalysing a 'Mesozoic Marine Revolution'. However, existing knowledge is based on scattered and discontinuous stratigraphic datasets, meaning that correlation errors (i.e. mismatch between datasets from different locations) confound attempts to infer temporal trends and causal relationships, leaving us without a quantitative process-based understanding of Early Jurassic Earth system dynamics. This proposal aims to address this fundamental gap in knowledge via a combined observational and modelling approach, based on a stratigraphic 'master record' accurately pinned to a robust geological timescale, integrated with an accurate palaeoclimatic, palaeoceanographic and biogeochemical modelling framework. The project has already received $1.5M from the International Continental Drilling Programme towards drilling a deep borehole at Mochras, West Wales, to recover a new 1.3-km-long core, representing an exceptionally expanded and complete 27 My sedimentary archive of Early Jurassic Earth history. This core will allow investigation of the Earth system at a scale and resolution hitherto only attempted for the last 65 million years (i.e. archive sedimentation rate = 5 cm/ky or 20 y/mm). We will use the new record together with existing data and an integrative modelling approach to produce a step-change in understanding of Jurassic time scale and Earth system dynamics. In addition to order of magnitude improvements in timescale precision, we will: distinguish astronomically forced from non-astronomically forced changes in the palaeoenvironment; use coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation models to understand controls on the climate system and ocean circulation regime; understand the history of relationships between astronomically forced cyclic variation in environmental parameters at timescales ranging from 20 kyr to 8 Myr, and link to specific aspects of forcing relating to solar energy received; use estimated rates and timing of environmental change to test postulated forcing mechanisms, especially from known geological events; constrain the sequence of triggers and feedbacks that control the initiation, evolution, and recovery from the carbon cycle perturbation events, and; use Earth system models to test hypotheses for the origins 'icehouse' conditions. Thirty six project partners from 13 countries substantially augment and extend the UK-based research.