Exposure to inhaled mineral or metallic dust may induce interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) such as sarcoidosis or pulmonary fibrosis. These diseases are frequently considered idiopathic; however, some of them are of occupational or environmental origin. Pathologists do not investigate the nature and the origin of mineral dust exposure by lack of available and convenient technology. Since 2014, Benoit Busser is working with collaborators to develop the medical applications of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), aiming at characterizing the nature of (nano)-particles in different tissue specimens. LIBS technology allows visualizing and quantifying metals and mineral dust in biological organs, and especially in the lungs. LIBS is considered as a major tool to help medical doctors in their investigations for finding origins to idiopathic lung diseases. In the context of the recent funding of our national multidisciplinary project MEDI-LIBS (ANR-17-CE18-0028), very encouraging preliminary results and the enthusiasm of our clinical partners encourage Benoit Busser (coordinator) and his collaborators to push forward and to submit a proposal for an ambitious (but realistic) European project connected to their field of expertise. They aim at creating a high-performance LIBS equipment fully dedicated to biomedical analyses. The EURO-LIBS project is innovative and relies on an international consortium of i) physicists for the construction of the LIBS instrument and training of the users), ii) clinicians for the clinical trials (expertise in pulmonology and/or occupational medicine), iii) and a “business-partner” from the Health insurance field for the economic health studies. The EURO-LIBS project, its objectives and consortium, are perfectly aligned with the scope of the next EIT Health BP 2021 call, in March 2020. The European Institute of Innovation & Technology (EIT) is an integral part of Horizon 2020, the EU’s Framework Programme for Research and Innovation.

It is well established that long-term exposure to aircraft and wind turbine noise is responsible for many physiological and psychological effects. According to the recent studies, noise not only creates a nuisance by affecting amenity, quality of life, productivity, and learning, but it also increases the risk of hospital admissions and mortality due to strokes, coronary heart disease, and cardiovascular disease. The World Health Organization estimated in 2011 that up to 1.6 million healthy life years are lost annually in the western European countries because of exposure to high levels of noise. The noise is also acknowledged by governments as a limit to both airline fleet growth, acceptability of Urban Air Mobility, operation and expansion of wind turbines, with direct consequences to the UK economy. With regards to aerodynamic noise, aerofoil noise is perhaps one of the most important sources of noise in many applications. While aerofoils are designed to achieve maximum aerodynamic performance by operating at high angles of attack, they become inevitably more susceptible to flow separation and stall due to changing inflow conditions (gusts, wind shear, wake interaction). Separation and stall can lead to a drastic reduction in aerodynamic performance and significantly increased aerodynamic noise. In applications involving rotating blades, the near-stall operation of blades, when subjected to highly dynamic inflows, gives rise to an even more complex phenomenon, known as dynamic stall. While the very recent research into the aerodynamics of dynamic stall has shown the complexity of the problem, the understanding of dynamic stall noise generation has remained stagnant due to long-standing challenges in experimental, numerical and analytical methods. This collaborative project, which includes contributions from strong industrial and academic advisory boards, aims to develop new understanding of dynamic stall flow and noise and develop techniques to control dynamic stall noise. The team will make use of the state-of-the-art experimental rigs, dedicated to aeroacoustics of dynamic stall and GPU-accelerated high-fidelity CFD tools to generate unprecedented amount of flow and noise data for pitching aerofoils over a wide range of operating conditions (flow velocity, pitching frequency/amplitude, etc.). The data will then be used to identify flow mechanisms that contribute to the different aerofoil noise sources at high angles of attack, including aerofoil unsteady loading and flow quadrupole sources, and detailed categorisation of dynamic stall regimes. A set of new frequency- and time-domain analytical tools will also be developed for the prediction of dynamic stall noise at different dynamic stall regimes, informed by high-fidelity experimental and numerical datasets. This project will bring about a step change in our understanding of noise from pitching aerofoils over a wide range of operations and pave the way to more accurate noise predictions and development of potential noise mitigation strategies.

The ANR MEDSALT project aims to consolidate and expand a scientific network recently formed with the purpose to use scientific drilling to address the causes, timing, emplacement mechanisms and consequences of the largest and most recent 'salt giant' on Earth: the late Miocene (Messinian) salt deposit in the Mediterranean basin. After obtaining the endorsement of the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) on a Multiplatform Drilling Proposal (umbrella proposal) in early 2015, the network is planning to submit a site-specific drilling proposal to drill a transect of holes with the R/V Joides Resolution in the evaporite-bearing southern margin of the Balearic promontory in the Western Mediterranean - the aim is to submit the full proposal before the IODP dealine of April 1st 2017, following the submission of a pre-proposal on October 1st 2015. Four key issues will be addressed: 1) What are the causes, timing and emplacement mechanisms of the Mediterranean salt giant ? 2) What are the factors responsible for early salt deformation and fluid flow across and out of the halite layer ? 3) Do salt giants promote the development of a phylogenetically diverse and exceptionally active deep biosphere ? 4) What are the mechanisms underlying the spectacular vertical motions inside basins and their margins ? Our nascent scientific network will consit of a core group of 22 scientists from 10 countries (7 European + USA + Japan + Israel) of which three french scientists (G. Aloisi, J. Lofi and M. Rabineau) play a leading role as PIs of Mediterranean drilling proposals developed within our initiative. Support to this core group will be provided by a supplementary group of 21 scientists that will provide critical knowledge in key areas of our project. The ANR MEDSALT network will finance key actions that include: organising a 43 participants workshops to strengthen and consolidate the Mediterranean drilling community, supporting the participation of network scientists to seismic well site-survey cruises, organising meetings in smaller groups to work on site survey data and finance trips to the US to defend our drilling proposal in front of the IODP Environmental Protection and Safety Panel (EPSP). The MEDSALT drilling initiative will impact the understanding of issues as diverse as submarine geohazards, sub-salt hydrocarbon reservoirs and life in the deep subsurface. This is a unique opportunity for the French scientific community to play a leading role, next to our international partners, in tackling one of the most intellectually challenging open problems in the history of our planet.

One of the central aims of synthetic biology is to use our growing understanding of gene expression to `rewire' bacterial cells so that they exhibit designed behaviour under specific conditions. Supercoiling, a structural transition in the DNA, is a key process in gene expression that has yet to be incorporated into synthetic biology's computational design tools. We have identified a series of exemplar bacterial switches that are controlled by supercoiling, which will be used to guide and validate physical and computational models. Our overarching vision is to develop a synthetic biology toolkit, which we call TORC, that includes the information processing capabilities of DNA supercoiling, and its programmatic modulation. The TORC toolkit will be based on a physical model that captures the mechanism of information processing through DNA supercoiling, and an abstract computational model that will provide both an engineering development approach for advanced synthetic biology applications, and a scientific language for modelling biological genetic processes. This cross-disciplinary project brings together Physics, Biology, and Computer Science to implement the initial steps towards this vision: TORC1.0, a new computational language developed through physical simulations and wet-lab experiments. Our programme has three stages: (i) We will place well-characterised bacterial switches within a single, controllable plasmid, where they will be expressed in bacteria. (ii) We will use well-established statistical physics models of DNA transcription to construct a model of each switch, predict how the output will change with varying biological conditions, and validate it against the wet-lab results. (iii) We will use the validated physical model and wet-lab results to derive a novel computational model of supercoiling, supporting a new computational language for programming synthetic biology designs and applications.