Doctoral Training Partnerships: a range of postgraduate training is funded by the Research Councils. For information on current funding routes, see the common terminology at https://www.ukri.org/apply-for-funding/how-we-fund-studentships/. Training grants may be to one organisation or to a consortia of research organisations. This portal will show the lead organisation only.

Temperature and density diagnostics of the solar corona using extreme ultraviolet observations.

According to Hannah Arendt, the only truly universal right is 'the right to have rights' (1951: 376). That is, a right to belong to a rights-bearing political community: citizenship. The problem is, Arendt's formulation sets up a contradiction between rights that are supposedly universal and particular citizenship regimes that exclude others. Consequently, to be stateless is to be rightless. In a contemporary context, the irregular migrant exemplifies the contradictions of the right to have rights. While not formally stateless, the insecure legal and political standing of many irregular migrants means they often live in liminal zones between legality and illegality. This legal insecurity regularly results in migrants being unable to access the rights that should be theirs according to the declarations, charters and treaties on human rights (Anderson, 2013; De Genova, 2010; Sigona, 2016). Building on research undertaken during my PhD, this project starts from the premise that in order to address the problem of rightlessness it is necessary to rethink citizenship. I do this by developing a new conceptual approach: citizenship as method. Citizenship as method is a post-foundational framework for analysing the constitution, contestation and re-articulation of citizenship. This research will use the figure of the rights-claiming migrant as the locus around which to explore the contradictions between universal rights and citizenship as well as the political processes through which citizenship is challenged and resignified. Using the framework of citizenship as method, this project provides a set of resources for the practical negotiation of contemporary citizenship: a rights-claiming analytic for navigating particular discursive articulations and a new account of the sites at which transformational practices of citizenship occur. As such, citizenship as method not only contributes to the field of citizenship studies but has practical importance, resonating with the concerns and objectives of migrant rights policy-makers and activists. The three journal articles that I will submit set out the conceptual framework of citizenship as method and outline the contributions of my research in two specific fields: social and legal theory, and democratic theory. The new research undertaken during this fellowship will allow me to further develop and test the conceptual framework of citizenship as method by investigating a new research area identified in my doctoral thesis and by addressing a (necessary) limitation in my PhD work. In order to develop a generalisable conceptual framework, my doctorate utilised a series of different illustrative examples. However, I suggested that further testing of citizenship as method requires using a different methodology by applying it to a single case study over a longer duration of time. As such, I will use the fellowship to start this process by undertaking preliminary research into the Abolish ICE movement and writing applications to fund further research. Citizenship as method is not a normative proposal; however, one of the outcomes of the research is a set of analytic resources that can be deployed to make strategic interventions in particular cases. The two proposed stakeholder workshops demonstrate the impact value of this approach. The first workshop, based on the Sanctuary movement, will utilise my research on critical legal theory and the Hostile Environment. It will look at: how the 2014 and 2016 Immigration Acts shape racialised citizenship practices (OHCHR 2019); how the Sanctuary initiative inhabits 'a-legal' (Harnecker 2007; Hughes 2019) citizenship spaces; and how it can be used to invent new forms of citizens (Cranshaw and Hughes 2019) and citizenship practices. The second workshop will be undertaken in partnership with LFM. It will build on the outcomes of my preliminary research into the Abolish ICE movement in order to make concrete and efficacious policy proposals.

This is an application for funding to support the establishment of a research network in order to examine systematically, and for the first time, the implications of some of the major socio-cultural transformations witnessed across industrial democracies today for our understanding of how contemporary language revitalization efforts should be designed and implemented. The network will bring together an international and interdisciplinary group of academic researchers, spanning the arts, humanities and social sciences, along with a number of prominent language policy practitioners. There are two principal reasons why such a research network needs to be established. First, public policy efforts aiming to revitalize the prospects of regional or minority languages are increasingly common across Western Europe. Indeed, over the past few decades, such revitalization efforts have become more systematic and far-reaching in scope, encompassing a range of regulatory, distributive and constitutional instruments, and touching on key social domains, including the family home, the education system, the media, the economy and civil society. Second, and more important, these language revitalization efforts have been developed and implemented against a backdrop of radical social change: societies are now increasingly individualistic, diverse and mobile; their economies are increasingly interconnected; and their governance structures are increasingly complex. Many of the assumptions that have traditionally dominated both the academic and public policy literature on language revitalization relate to areas of life that are implicated in current patterns change. Yet, despite this, to date there has been no serious reflection on whether our fast-changing social context should prompt a rethink with regard to how the task of language revitalization should be approached. In response, the network will aim to provide answers to the following key questions: - To what extent do recent changes in the nature of community life and in patterns of interaction among individuals have implications for the emphasis traditionally placed by language revitalization frameworks on the role of the local, territorially defined, community in promoting stable patterns of language use? - To what extent do recent changes in the way that families organize their day-to-day lives and care for their children have implications for the emphasis traditionally placed by language revitalization frameworks on role of the family in promoting language acquisition? - To what extent do contemporary economic developments such as globalization and the advent of skills-based employment have implications for the emphasis traditionally placed by language revitalization frameworks on the need to ensure that the minority language possesses a measure of economic value? - To what extent does the current trend of 'state transformation' and the emergence of new models of governance have implications for the emphasis traditionally placed by language revitalization frameworks on the need for long-term state recognition and support for the minority language? The network will study these questions with reference to a variety of European examples of language revitalization, including Catalonia, the Basque Country, Ireland, Scotland and Wales, and with a view to identify lessons that will inform the work of public officials and civil society actors at the regional, state and international levels. The centerpiece of the network's activities during the life of the grant will be held in Aberystwyth, Edinburgh, Geneva and Cardiff between March 2017 and September 2018. The workshops will culminate with an international conference held in Brussels in January 2019. This event will disseminate the main conclusions that arise from the workshops among non-academic audiences. It will be organized in collaboration with the Network to Promote Linguistic Diversity.

Forage crops such as perennial ryegrass and white clover are the major feed of UK livestock and an important component of sustainable ruminant production. Grassland covers 11million ha of the UK landmass of which 1.2million ha is <5 years old, with 325,000ha resown annually with varieties of forage grasses and legumes (Defra). The major emphasis of grassland agriculture has been on increasing dry matter yield, forage quality and animal production. Greater EU regulation means the UK grassland sector is now faced with reducing the environmental impact of production whilst simultaneously improving its production and efficiency. The effective use of nutrients is one of the key components of efficient grassland management, with the application of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) integral to maintaining the productivity of high quality swards. Livestock farmers are being encouraged to produce more from forage, while less predictable fertiliser prices, may act to increase costs. This project will address the challenge of increasing the sustainable intensification of grassland agriculture through applying plant breeding and genomics technologies in parallel with enhanced phenotying technologies, within the NPPC to improve the nutrient use efficiency of perennial ryegrass and white clover varieties. Fertiliser inputs to grassland depend upon system and management regime. Nitrogen prices are currently £270/t or 78p/kg N. Application rates range widely: a standard range would be 160kg to >204kg N ha/year depending upon stocking rate, concentrate use, manure application and use of forage legumes. Improving the use of N and P in UK grassland systems through targeted plant breeding is a major challenge but also presents a significant opportunity for plant breeders. This project will exploit outcomes of earlier research on perennial ryegrass and white clover that has developed novel genetic resources and breeding technologies that will enable selection for improved nutrient use efficiency in forages, leading to varieties of perennial ryegrass and white clover requiring less N and P per unit of dry matter production, providing an economic benefit to primary producers and environmental benefits. The project will use the National Plant Phenotyping Centre at Aberystwyth University (AU) to analyse the effect of selection on NUE on single plants prior to seed production and evaluation in field trials and validation of the outcomes through optimised nutrient management. The enhanced germplasm developed will be exploited beyond the project (within 5 years of completion) by Germinal Holdings Ltd. (GHL) to produce finished varieties marketed by GHL in UK and overseas, potentially increasing the use of their varieties by 10% (currently GHL supply 30% of UK forage seed market of 10000t).